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文章编号:1009-9603(2020)02-0098-07 DOI:10.13673/j.cnki.cn37-1359/te.2020.02.012
魏 兵1,田庆涛1,毛润雪1,薛 艳1,温洋兵2,蒲万芬1
(1.西南石油大学 油气藏地质与开发工程国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610500;
2.天津科技大学 制浆造纸工程实验室,天津 300457)
魏 兵等
摘要:材料是油气田开发的基础和保障,积极借鉴材料科学的最新进展,提高油气资源开发的经济效益,减小环境保护的压力,是石油工程发展的必然要求和必由之路。作为一种高性能的生物高分子材料,纳米纤维素(NC)具有成本低、来源广、无污染和可再生等优点以及高强度、低密度、强韧性、易修饰等物理性质,被广泛应用于生物医药、食品包装和光电材料等领域。最新研究表明,NC材料在油气田开发领域也具有广阔的应用前景,并逐渐引起中外学者的关注。详细梳理了近年来NC在钻井、压裂和提高采收率等方面的研究进展,深度剖析了实际应用中遇到的问题和解决方法,结合近年来对NC分散液、NC高稳泡沫、NC乳液和NC水凝胶的研究,展望了未来NC材料在油气田开发中的应用潜力和发展方向。
关键词:纳米纤维素;油气田开发;钻井;压裂;提高采收率
中图分类号:TE357 文献标识码:A
Application and prospect of nano-cellulosic materials
in the development of oil and gas field
WEI Bing1,TIAN Qingtao1,MAO Runxue1,XUE Yan1,WEN Yangbing2,PU Wanfen1
(1.State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation,Southwest Petroleum University,
Chengdu City,Sichuan Province,610500,China; 2.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper,
Tianjin University of Science & Technology,Tianjin City,300457,China)
Abstract:Materials are the foundation and guarantee for the development of oil and gas reservoirs. Actively drawing on the latest progress in material science,improving the economic benefits of oil and gas resources development,and reducing the pressure on environmental protection are the inevitable requirements and the only way for the development of petroleum engineering. As a high-performance biopolymer material,the nano-cellulosic(NC)material has the advantages of low cost,wide sources,no pollution,and renewable,as well as physical properties such as high strength,low density,strong toughness,and easy modification. It is widely used in the fields of biomedicine,food packaging and photoelectric materials. The latest researches show that the NC material also has broad application prospects in the development of oil and gas reservoirs,and has gradually attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign scholars. The research progress of NC in drilling,fracturing and EOR in recent years has been summarized in detail,and the technical issues and solutions encountered in practical applications have been analyzed in depth. Based on the recent research on NC dispersions,NC high-stability foams,NC emulsions and NC hydrogels,the application potential and development direction of NC materials in oil and gas field development are prospected in the future.
Key words:nano-cellulosic materials;development of oil and gas field;drilling;fracturing;enhanced oil recovery
纤维素是自然界中分布最广、含量最丰富的天然高分子聚合物,广泛存在于木材类、棉类及部分细菌和真菌中[1-2],具有成本低、来源广、无污染和可再生等优点。通过物理或化学方法可将纤维素转化成具有纳米尺度的纳米纤维素(NC),进而赋予其高强度、低密度、强韧性、易修饰等物理性质[3]。这些独特的性质使NC成为极具应用前景的功能高分子材料,可应用于生物医药、食品包装和光电材料等领域[4-5]。根据尺寸和形貌差异,NC主要分为纤维素纳米晶体(cellulose nanocrystal,CNC)和纤维素纳米纤丝(cellulose nanofibril,CNF)[6]两大类。鉴于油气田开发领域对高性能材料的迫切需求,NC材料在石油领域引起了广泛关注。为此,笔者归纳总结中外有关NC在钻井、压裂和提高采收率等方面的最新研究成果,梳理了研究思路,深度剖析了实际应用中遇到的问题,结合在提高采收率方面的研究经验,展望了未来NC材料在油气田开发中的应用前景。
1 NC在钻井液中的应用
钻井液是钻井过程必不可少的流体,其流变性和失水造壁性是保证钻井作业正常进行的两项基本性能。钻井液按连续相性质可分为水基钻井液、油基钻井液和气基钻井液[7]。一般认为,油基钻井液性能较水基钻井液好,但水基钻井液凭借其环境和成本优势,备受青睐。向水基钻井液中加入生物聚合物如淀粉、黄原胶等可调节钻井液的黏度,悬浮固相颗粒,减少滤失。但随着钻井深度的不断加深,储层条件恶劣,上述生物聚合物性能受限,钻井液性能下降。NC以其优异的力学结构和热力学性能,作为钻井液添加剂,可有效提高钻井液的流变性和热稳定性,减少钻井液的滤失量。
NC表面富有羟基,易进行表面修饰,改性后的NC各方面的性能将大幅提升。中外学者用不同的方法修饰了NC的表面,并分析了其在钻井液中的作用效果。研究证实,改性后的NC热稳定性明显比黄原胶高[8],使NC在恶劣的地层条件下,可用于水基钻井液的流变控制。将不同种类的生物胶(瓜尔胶(GG)、刺槐豆胶(LBG)、韦兰胶(WG)和黄原胶(XG))与NC进行复配,研究结果表明,溶液的增黏效果、剪切稀释性能和滤失性与生物胶类型、添加量、NC种类及其表面性质有关[9-11]。
LIU等对CNF进行改性,制备了PADC-Fe3 水凝胶[12]和CNF-g-PAMPS-PBA水凝胶[13],其中PADC-Fe3 水凝胶制备原理如图1所示[12]。作为钻井液的降滤失剂,与常规水凝胶相比,这两种水凝胶的热稳定性和耐盐性更高,能明显减少钻井液的滤失量,在质量分数为6%复合盐溶液配制的钻井液中加入2%的改性CNF-g-PAMPS-PBA水凝胶,160 ℃下老化72 h后,滤失体积从(132.2±2.5) mL下降到(46.3±2.2) mL。这是由于改性后的CNF水凝胶具有空间位阻和疏水缔合作用,有利于防止膨润土颗粒团聚,保持钻井液的胶体稳定性。
2 NC在压裂中的应用
目前中国正在开发或新发现的油藏大部分属于低渗透致密油藏,常规的开采手段无法实现商业化开发规模,需通过储层增产改造技术进行人工造缝,以改善井筒附近油气渗流条件,增大泄油面积,从而提高原油采收率。鉴于储层环境复杂,需要压裂液满足黏度高、摩阻低、易返排、热稳定性高和抗剪切等技术要求[14]。将纤维素等天然高分子化合物加入压裂液可提高压裂液黏度,减少压裂液滤失量,提高支撑剂的悬浮和携带能力。早期未改性的纤维素压裂液存在难配液、热稳定性差、破胶不彻底、有残渣等技术问题。因此,许多学者希望通过对纤维素的功能化处理,提高纤维素材料的性能。孙瑞研究了改性纤维素的流变性质、溶液交联流变过程和降阻性能[15],为其在压裂液中的应用提供了一定的理论支持。马明建立了剪切交联流变动力学方程,来表征稳态剪切和振荡剪切交联过程[16]。段贵府等通过醚化反应对纤维素进行改性,使其制备的压裂液体系具有耐温耐剪抗、破胶彻底无残留、储层伤害低等特点,并成功应用于矿场施工,增产效果显著[17-20]。
图2 NC-KYSS分散液微观驱油机理[33]
Fig.2 Micro-displacement mechanism of NC-KYSS dispersion[33]
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编辑 常迎梅
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收稿日期:2019-11-01。
作者简介:魏兵(1983—),男,山东济宁人,教授,博导,从事非常规油藏提高采收率技术和理论研究。E-mail:bwei@swpu.edu.cn。
基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目“基于纤丝纳米材料(CNF)高稳泡沫驱体系的构筑及液膜夹断-分离行为研究”(51974265),国家自然科学基金之青年科学基金项目“高温高盐环境中纳米纤维素/有机碱杂化体系的构建及油水界面行为研究”(51804264)和“生物活性纤维素纳米纤丝的构建及其抗菌抗病毒作用与机制研究”(51603174)。